Which one of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing CKD?

Excessive alcohol consumption is not typically classified as a direct risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the same way that diabetes mellitus, known systemic autoimmune disorders, and hypertension are. While excessive alcohol consumption can lead to a variety of health issues, including liver disease, it is not recognized as a primary cause of CKD.

Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of CKD due to the damage high blood sugar can do to the kidneys over time. Similarly, hypertension can cause damage to the kidney’s blood vessels, contributing to the progression of kidney disease. Known systemic autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, can also directly affect kidney function due to the inflammatory processes involved.

In contrast, while excessive alcohol consumption may have indirect effects on kidney health, such as dehydration or increasing blood pressure temporarily, its relationship to chronic kidney disease is less direct and not as clearly defined as the other listed factors.