Manitoba Nephrology Nurse Practice Test

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has several systemic effects that impact various body systems due to the kidneys' pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis. The correct answer highlights cardiovascular disease, anemia, bone disease, and electrolyte imbalances as the main systemic effects associated with CKD.

Cardiovascular disease is prevalent in patients with CKD due to factors such as fluid overload, hypertension, and elevated levels of uremic toxins, which can lead to increased vascular stiffness and a higher risk of heart attacks and strokes. Anemia is common in CKD because the kidneys produce less erythropoietin, a hormone crucial for red blood cell production, which can result in fatigue and decreased oxygenation of tissues.

Bone disease occurs due to mineral and bone disorder in CKD, known as renal osteodystrophy. This condition arises from imbalances in calcium and phosphorus levels, leading to weakened bones and increased fracture risk. Lastly, electrolyte imbalances are frequently observed in CKD as the kidneys lose their ability to excrete acids and regulate electrolyte levels, resulting in conditions such as hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and metabolic acidosis.

In contrast, the other provided options don't accurately reflect the systemic consequences of chronic kidney disease. Increased energy levels,