Manitoba Nephrology Nurse Practice Test

Changes in urination are a hallmark symptom of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). As kidney function deteriorates, the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and regulate fluid balance diminishes significantly. This leads to a variety of urinary changes, including decreased urine output (oliguria) or, in some cases, complete cessation of urine production (anuria). Patients might also experience changes in urine color, consistency, or odor. These alterations in urination reflect the kidneys' impaired function and are critical indicators clinicians monitor when assessing the progression of renal disease.

In contrast, other symptoms like weight gain can sometimes occur due to fluid retention, which is not universally present in all ESRD patients. An increase in appetite is generally not expected, as patients often experience a reduced appetite due to metabolic changes and the accumulation of toxins in the body. Improved energy levels are also unlikely, as ESRD can lead to fatigue and weakness due to factors like anemia and the body’s inability to properly manage waste and electrolytes. Thus, the symptom of changes in urination is a clear and direct manifestation of the compromised kidney function in ESRD.